Computer Architecture & Assembly language

Program Class: Degree / B.Sc.

Year: Third

Semester: Sixth

Subject: Physics

Course Title: Solid State & Nuclear Physics

Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Understand the crystal geometry w.r.t. symmetry operations.

2. Comprehend the power of X-ray diffraction and the concept of reciprocal lattice.

3. Study various properties based on crystal bindings.

4. Recognize the importance of Free Electron & Band theories in understanding the crystal properties.

5. Study the salient features of nuclear forces & radioactive decays.

6. Understand the importance of nuclear models & nuclear reactions.

7. Comprehend the working and applications of nuclear accelerators and detectors.

8. Understand the classification and properties of basic building blocks of nature.

Credits: 4

Core Compulsory / Elective

Max. Marks: –25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 33

Unit

Topics

Part A: Introduction to Solid State Physics

I

Crystal Structure:

Lattice, Basis & Crystal structure. Lattice translation vectors, Primitive & non-primitive cells. Symmetry operations, Point group & Space group. 2D & 3D Bravais lattice. Parameters of cubic lattices. Lattice planes and Miller indices. Simple crystal structures – HCP & FCC, Diamond, Cubic Zinc Sulphide, Sodium Chloride, Cesium Chloride and Glasses.

II

Crystal Diffraction:

X-ray diffraction and Bragg’s law. Experimental diffraction methods – Laue, Rotating crystal and Powder methods. Derivation of scattered wave amplitude. Reciprocal lattice, Reciprocal lattice vectors and relation between Direct & Reciprocal lattice. Diffraction conditions, Ewald’s method and Brillouin zones. Reciprocal lattice to SC, BCC & FCC lattices. Atomic Form factor and Crystal Structure factor.

III

Crystal Bindings:

Classification of Crystals on the Basis of Bonding – Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, van der Waals (Molecular) and Hydrogen bonded. Crystals of inert gases, Attractive interaction (van der Waals-London) & Repulsive interaction, Equilibrium lattice constant, Cohesive energy and Compressibility & Bulk modulus. Ionic crystals, Cohesive energy, Madelung energy and evaluation of Madelung constant.

IV

Lattice Vibrations and Free Electron Theory:

Lattice Vibrations: Lattice vibrations for linear mono & di atomic chains, Dispersion relations and Acoustical & Optical branches (qualitative treatment). Qualitative description of Phonons in solids. Lattice heat capacity,

Free Electron Theory: Fermi energy, Density of states, Heat capacity of conduction electrons, Paramagnetic susceptibility of conduction electrons and Hall effect in metals.

Band Theory: Origin of band theory, Qualitative idea of Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, Effective mass of an electron & Concept of Holes & Classification of solids on the basis of band theory.

PART B: Introduction to Nuclear Physics

V

Nuclear Forces & Radioactive Decays:

General Properties of Nucleus: Mass, binding energy, radii, density, angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment vector and basic idea of electric quadrupole moment tensor.

Nuclear Forces: General characteristic of nuclear force and Deuteron ground state properties.

Radioactive Decays: Nuclear stability, basic ideas about beta minus decay, beta plus decay, alpha decay, gamma decay & electron capture, fundamental laws of radioactive disintegration and radioactive series.

VI

Nuclear Models & Nuclear Reactions:

Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model and Bethe-Weizsacker mass formula. Introduction of Single particle shell model and magic numbers. Nuclear Reactions: Bethe’s notation, types of nuclear reaction, Conservation laws, Cross-section of nuclear reaction, Theory of nuclear fission (qualitative), Nuclear reactor and nuclear fusion.

VII

Accelerators & Detectors:

Accelerators: Theory, working and applications of Van de Graaff accelerator, Cyclotron and Synchrotron. Detectors: Theory, working and applications of GM counter, Semiconductor detector, Scintillation counter and Wilson cloud chamber.

VIII

Elementary Particles:

Fundamental interactions & their mediating quanta. Concept of antiparticles. Classification of elementary particles based on intrinsic- spin, mass, interaction & lifetime. Families of Leptons, Mesons, Baryons & Baryon Resonances. Conservation laws for mass-energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, electric charge, baryonic charge, leptonic charge, isospin & strangeness. Concept of Quark model.