आणविक जीवविज्ञान और जैव सूचना विज्ञान (सेमेस्टर -5)

Programme /Class: Degree

Year: Third

Semester: Fifth

Paper-II

Subject: BOTANY

Course Title: : Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics

Course outcomes:

After the completion of the course the students will be able to:

1. Understand nucleic acids, organization of DNA in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, DNA replication mechanism, genetic code and transcription process.

2. Know about Processing and modification of RNA and translation process, function and regulation of expression.

3. Gain working knowledge of the practical and theoretical concepts of bioinformatics.

Credits: 4

Core: Compulsory / Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 8+25

Unit

Topics

I

Genetic material

Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, Griffith‘s and Avery‘s transformation experiments, Hershey-Chase, bacteriophage experiment, DNA structure, types of DNA, types of genetic material. DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): semi– conservative. DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): bidirectional replication, semi– conservative, semi discontinuous RNA priming, Ǿ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear, dsDNA, replicating the 5 end of linear chromosome including replication enzymes.

II

Transcription & Regulation of gene expression

Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types; Translation, (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code. Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes: Lac operon and Tryptophan operon; and in Eukaryotes, RNAi, Gene editing

III

Principles & Techniques of genetic engineering

Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA sequencing, PCR and Reverse Transcriptase-PCR. Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and Immunodetection. Antibody Engineering. Enzymes used in Genetic Engineering and Gene cloning

IV

Applications of Genetic engineering

Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready soybean); Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice); Improved horticultural varieties (Moondust carnations); Role of transgenics in bioremediation (Superbug); Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase, Protease, Lipase); Genetically Engineered Products, Biosafety concerns..

V

Bioinformatics & its applications

Computer fundamentals – programming languages in bioinformatics, role of supercomputers in biology. Historical background. Scope of bioinformatics – Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Molecular Phylogeny, computer aided Drug Design (structure based and ligand based approaches), Systems Biology and Functional Biology. Applications and Limitations of ioinformatics. Primer designing

VI

Biological databases :

Introduction to biological databases – primary, secondary and composite databases, NCBI, nucleic acid databases (GenBank, EMBL, DDBJ, NDB), protein databases (PIR, SwissProt, TrEMBL, PDB), metabolic pathway database (KEGG, EcoCyc, and MetaCyc), small molecule databases (PubChem, )

VII

Data Generation and Data Retrieval

Generation of data (Gene sequencing, Protein sequencing, Mass spectrometry, Microarray), Sequence submission tools (BankIt, Sequin, Webin); Sequence file format (flat file, FASTA, GCG, EMBL, Clustal, Phylip, Swiss-Prot); Sequence annotation; Data retrieval systems (SRS, Entrez)

VIII

Phylogenetic analysis

Similarity, identity and homology, Alignment – local and global alignment, pairwise and multiple sequence alignments, alignment algorithms. Methods of Alignment (Dot matrix, Dynamic Programming, BLAST and FASTA); Phylogenetic analysis: Construction of phylogenetic tree, dendrograms, methods of construction of phylogenetic trees.