पादप कार्यिकी उपापचय तथा जैवरसायन (सेमेस्टर -5)

Programme /Class: Degree

Year: Third

Semester: Fifth

Subject: BOTANY

Course Title: Plant Physiology, Metabolism & Biochemistry

Course outcomes:

After the completion of the course the students will be able to:

1. Understand the role of Physiological and metabolic processes for plant growth and development.

2. Learn the symptoms of Mineral Deficiency in crops and their management.

3. Assimilate Knowledge about Biochemical constitution of plant diversity.

4.Know the role of plants in development of natural products, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, antioxidants

Credits: 4

Core: Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 8+25

Unit

Topics

I

Plant water relation, Mineral Nutrition, Transpiration and translocation in phloem

Importance of water, water potential and its components; Transpiration and its significance; Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and guttation. Criteria of essentiality of elements; Role of essential elements; Symptoms of mineral deficiency in major crops,

Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and passive transport, Composition of phloem sap, girdling experiment; Pressure flow model.

II

Carbon Oxidation

Krebs cycle, Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate- aerobic and anaerobic respiration and fermentation, regulation of glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, regulation of Krebs cycle, mitochondrial electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP-Synthetase, Chemiosmotic mechanism, P/O ratio, cyanide-resistant respiration, factors affecting respiration.

III

Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of legumes and non-legumes), Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation, Ammonia assimilation (GS-GOGAT), reductive amination and transamination, amino acid synthesis.

IV

Lipid Metabolism & Photosynthesis

Lipid Metabolism: Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, -oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, gluconeogenesis and its role in mobilization of lipids during seed germination, -oxidation. ; Photosynthesis: Pigments, Action spectra and Enhancement effect, Electron transport system and Photophosphorylation, C3 & C4 photosynthesis, CAM- Reaction and Significance

V

Plant Development, Movements, Dormancy & Responses

Developmental roles of Phytohormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.) autonomic & paratonic movements, Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red and far red-lightresponses on photomorphogenesis, Seed physiology & Dormancy, Vernalization & Senescence

VI

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Nomenclature and classification; Role of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, sugar alcohols – mannitol and sorbitol); Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides (structural-cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, chitin, mucilage; storage – starch, inulin). Lipids: Storage lipids: Fatty acids structure and functions, Structural lipids: Phosphoglycerides; Lipid functions: cell signals, cofactors, prostaglandins, Introduction of lipid micelles, monolayers, bilayers

VII

Proteins: Structure of amino acids; Peptide bonds; Levels of protein structure-primary, secondary, Ramchandran plot, tertiary and quaternary; Isoelectric point; Protein denaturation and biological roles of proteins Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleic acids,Nucleic acid denaturation &Re-naturation , MiRNA

VIII

Enzymes: Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic group; mechanism of action (activation energy, lock and key hypothesis, induced- fit theory), enzyme inhibition and factors affecting enzyme activity, Allosteric enzymes & Abzymes. Elementary knowledge of Phytonutrients, Nutraceuticals, dietary supplements and antioxidants.