Quantum Mechanics and Analytical Techniques - क्वांटम यांत्रिकी और विश्लेषणात्मक तकनीकें

Program/Class:

Certificate/ B.Sc

Year: Second

Semester: Fourth

Subject: Chemistry

Course Title: Quantum Mechanics and Analytical Techniques

Course Learning Outcomes : Upon successful completion of this course students should be able to describe atomic structure, elementary quantum mechanics ,wave function and its significance ;Schrodinger wave equation and its applications; Molecular orbital theory, basic ideas – Criteria for forming molecular orbital from atomic orbitals , Molecular Spectroscopy, Rotational Spectrum ,vibrational Electronic Spectrum: photo chemistry and kinetics of photo chemical reaction Analytical chemistry plays an enormous role in our society, such as in drug manufacturing, process control in industry, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, food production, and forensic surveys. It is also of great importance in different research areas. Analytical chemistry is a science that is directed towards creating new knowledge so that chemical analysis can be improved to respond to increasing or new demands.

∙ Students will be able To explore new areas of research in both chemistry and allied fields of science and technology. ∙

Students will be able To function as a member of an interdisciplinary problem solving team. ∙ Students will be skilled in problem solving, critical thinking and analytical reasoning as applied to scientific problems

∙ Students will gain An understanding of how to determine the structure of organic molecules using IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques

∙ To develop basic skills required for purification, solvent extraction, TLC and column chromatography

Credits: 4

Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: –25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 40

Unit

Topics

I

Atomic Structure: Idea of de-Broglie matter waves, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, atomic orbitals, Schrödinger wave equation, significance of Ψ and Ψ², quantum numbers, radial and angular wave functions and probability distribution curves, shapes of s, p, d, orbitals. Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund’s multiplicity rule

II

Elementary Quantum Mechanics : Black-body radiation, Planck’s radiation law, photoelectric effect, heat capacity of solids, Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom (no derivation) and its defects, Compton effect. de-Broglie hypothesis. Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Hamiltonian Operator.

Schrödinger wave equation (time dependent and time independent) and its importance, physical interpretation of the wave function, postulates of quantum mechanics, particle in a one dimensional box. Schrödinger wave equation for H-atom, separation into three equations (without derivation), quantum numbers and their importance, hydrogen like wave functions, radial wave functions, angular wave functions. Molecular orbital theory, basic ideas – Criteria for forming MO from AO, construction of MO by LCAO – H2 + ion, calculation of energy levels from wave functions, physical picture of bonding and anti-bonding wave functions, concept of σ, σ*, π, π* orbitals and their characteristic

III

Molecular Spectroscopy: Introduction: Electromagnetic radiation, regions of the spectrum, basic features of different spectrometers, statement of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, degrees of freedom

Rotational Spectrum:Diatomic molecules . Energy levels of a rigid rotor (semi-classical principles), selection rules, spectral intensity, distribution using population distribution (Maxwell Boltzmann distribution) determination of bond length, qualitative description of non-rigid rotor, isotope effect . Vibrational Spectrum: Infrared spectrum : Energy levels of simple harmonic oscillator, selection rules, pure vibrational spectrum, intensity, determination of force constant and qualitative relation of force constant and bond energies, effect of anharmonic motion and isotope on the spectrum, idea of vibrational frequencies of different functional groups.

Raman spectrum: Concept of polarizability , pure rotational and pure vibrational, Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules. Electronic Spectrum: Concept of potential energy curves for bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals, qualitative description of selection rules

IV

UV-Visible Spectroscopy :

Origin of spectra, interaction of radiation with matter, fundamental laws of spectroscopy and selection rules. Types of electronic transitions, λmax, chromophores and auxochromes, Bathochromic and Hypsochromic shifts, Intensity of absorption; application of Woodward Rules for calculation of λmax for the conjugated dienes: alicyclic, homoannular and heteroannular; extended conjugated systems distinction between cis and trans isomers (Cis and trans stilbene)

V

Infrared Spectroscopy:

IR Spectroscopy: Fundamental and non-fundamental molecular vibrations; Hooke’s law selection rule, IR absorption positions of various functional groups (C=O, OH, NH, COOH and nitrile) , Effect of H- bonding, conjugation, resonance and ring size of cyclic ketones and lactones on IR absorptions; Fingerprint region and its significance; application in functional group analysis and and interpretation of I.R. spectra of simple organic compounds. Identification of the Carbonyl group in Ketones, Aldehydes, Carboxylic acids, Esters and Amides using IR Spectroscopy

VI

1H-NMR Spectroscopy (PMR)

NMR Spectroscopy: introduction; nuclear spin; NMR active molecules; basic principles of Proton Magnetic Resonance; choice of solvent and internal standard; equivalent and non-equivalent protons; chemical shift and factors influencing it; ring current effect; significance of the terms: up-/downfield, shielded and deshielded protons; spin coupling and coupling constant (1st order spectra); relative intensities of first-order multiplets: Pascal’s triangle; chemical and magnetic equivalence in NMR ; anisotropic effects in alkene, alkyne, aldehydes and aromatics; NMR peak area, integration; relative peak positions with coupling patterns of common organic compounds; interpretation of NMR spectra of simple compounds. Applications of IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy for identification of simple organic molecules such as Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, acetone, acetaldehyde, dimethylformamide, Cis and trans 1,2- dimethyl cycloprpanone, propene, vinyl chloride, acetophenone, benzaldehyde, phenol, Toluene and ethyl benzene.

VII

Introduction to Mass Spectrometry: Principle of mass spectrometry, the mass spectrum, mass spectrometry diagram, molecular ion, metastable ion, fragmentation process, McLafferty rearrangement.

VIII

Separation Techniques: Solvent extraction: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique. Mechanism of extraction: extraction by solvation and chelation. Technique of extraction: batch, continuous and counter current extractions. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of solvent extraction: extraction of metal ions from aqueous solution, extraction of organic species from the aqueous and non- aqueous media. Chromatography: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique. Mechanism of separation: adsorption, partition & ion exchange. Development of chromatograms: frontal, elution and displacement methods