Biochemistry and Physiology - जैव रसायन एवं शरीर क्रिया विज्ञान

Program Class: Certificate/ B.Sc

Year: First

Semester: Second

Subject: ZOOLOGY

Course Title: Biochemistry and Physiology

Course Learning Outcomes:

On completion of this course, learners will be able to:

·       To develop a deep understanding of structure of biomolecules like proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

·       How simple molecules together form complex macromolecules.

·       To understand the thermodynamics of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

·       Mechanisms of energy production at cellular and molecular levels.

·       To understand systems biology and various functional components of an organism.

·       To explore the complex network of these functional components.

·       To comprehend the regulatory mechanisms for maintenance of function in the body.

Credits: 4

Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: –25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 33

Unit

Topics

I

Structure and Function of Biomolecules

·       Structure and Biological importance of carbohydrates (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides,Polysaccharides and Glycoconjugates)

·       Lipids (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Tri-acylglycerols, Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Steroids)

·       Structure, Classification and General properties of α-amino acids; Essential and non-essential α-amino acids, Levels of organization in proteins; Simple and conjugate proteins.

II

Enzyme Action and Regulation

·       Nomenclature and classification of enzymes; Cofactors; Specificity of enzyme action

·       Isozymes; Mechanism of enzyme action

·       Enzyme kinetics; Factors affecting rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions; Derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation, Concept of Km and Vmax, Enzyme inhibition

·       Allosteric enzymes and their kinetics; Regulation of enzyme action

III

Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Lipids

·       Metabolism of Carbohydrates: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, phosphate pentose pathway

·       Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis

·       Lipids — Biosynthesis of palmitic acid; Ketogenesis,

·       β-oxidation and omega -oxidation of saturated fatty acids with

·       even and odd number of carbon atoms

IV

Metabolism of Proteins and Nucleotides

·       Catabolism of amino acids: Transamination, Deamination, Urea cycle

·       Nucleotides and vitamins

·       Peptide linkages

V

Digestion and Respiration

·       Structural organization and functions of gastrointestinal tract and associated glands

·       Mechanical and chemical digestion of food; Absorptions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, minerals and vitamins; Histology of trachea and lung

·       Mechanism of respiration, Pulmonary ventilation; Respiratory volumes and capacities; Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood Respiratory pigments, Dissociation curves and the factors influencing it; Control of respiration

VI

Circulation and Excretion

·       Components of blood and their functions; haemopoiesis

·       Blood clotting: Blood clotting system, Blood groups: Rh factor, ABO and MN

·       Structure of mammalian heart

·       Cardiac cycle; Cardiac output and its regulation, Electrocardiogram, Blood pressure and its regulation

·       Structure of kidney and its functional unit; Mechanism of urine formation

VII

Nervous System and Endocrinology in humans

·       Structure of neuron, resting membrane potential

·       Origin of action potential and its propagation across the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

·       Types of synapse

·       Endocrine glands – pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal; hormones secreted by them

·       Classification of hormones; Mechanism of Hormone action

VIII

Muscular System in humans

Histology of different types of muscle; Ultra structure of skeletal muscle; Molecular and chemical basis of muscle contraction; Characteristics of muscle twitch; Motor unit, summation and tetanus