Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding And Nanotechnology - कोशिका आनुवंशिकी, पादप प्रजनन एवं नैनोप्रौद्योगिकी

Program/Class:

Degree/ B.Sc.

Year: Third

Semester: Sixth

Subject: Botany

Course Title: Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Nanotechnology

Course Outcome:  After the completion of the course the students will be able to:

1. Acquire knowledge on cell ultrastructure.

2. Understand the structure and chemical composition of chromatin and concept of cell

division.

3. Interpret the Mendel ‘s principles, acquire knowledge on cytoplasmic inheritance and sex-linked inheritance.

4. Understand the concept of ‗one gene one enzyme hypothesis‘along with the molecular mechanism of mutation.

Credits: 4

Core Compulsory

Max. Marks: 25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 33

Unit

Topics

I

Cell biology

Structure and function of cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, peroxisomes and cell inclusions – Organization of nucleus: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm and nucleolus. Chromosomal nomenclature- chromatids, centromere, telomere, satellite, secondary constriction. Organization of chromosomes- Nucleic acid and histones- types and classification. Lampbrush chromosomes and polytene chromosomes- Karyotype and idiogram.Cell cycle:– mitosis: open and closed mitosis – amitosis – meiosis. Variation in Chromosome number (Numerical aberrations)- aneuploidy and Euploidy-haploidy, polyploidy- significance (Structural aberrations) – deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation.

II

Genetics

Chromosome theory of inheritance, crossing over and linkage; Incomplete dominance and codominance; Interaction of Genes; Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, Polygenic inheritance; Extra-nuclear Inheritance, Linkage, crossing over, Concept of sex determination and Sex chromosomes; Patterns of Sex determination in plants

III

Plant breeding

Plant introduction. Agencies of plant introduction in India, Procedure of introduction – Acclimatization – Achievements, Selection – mass selection, pure line selection and clonal selection. Genetic basis of selection methods, Hybridization: Procedure of hybridization, inter generic, inter specific, inter varietal hybridization with examples. Composite and synthetic varieties, Male sterility, Heterosis and its exploitation in plant breeding, Mutation, Molecular Breeding (use of DNA markers in plant breeding), achievements in India, Breeding for pest, pathogenic diseases and stress resistance

IV

Biostatistics:

Definition, statistical methods, basic principles, variables- measurements, functions, limitations and uses of statistics. Biometry: Data, Sample, Population, random sampling, Frequency distribution- definition only, Central tendency– Arithmetic Mean, Mode and Median; Measurement of dispersion–Coefficient of variation, Standard Deviation, Standard error of Mean; Test of significance: chi- square test for goodness of fit. Computer application in biostatistics – MS Excel and SPSS

V

Plant tissue culture

Elementary knowledge of Principles, components and techniques of in vitro plant cultures, Callus cultures, Cell culture, cell suspension cultures, Embryogenesis and organogenesis, Protoplast isolation and culturing of protoplast- principle and application, regeneration of protoplasts, protoplast fusion and somatic hybridization- selection of hybrid cells, Somaclonal variation, Plant secondary metabolites production

VI

Nanotechnology

Nanoscale assembly of cellular components (cell membrane and liposomes). Nanoscale assembly of microorganisms (virus). Nano-particle synthesis: Biological synthesis of Nanoparticles, Advantages and applications of biologically synthesized nanomaterials. Introduction to biological nanomaterials. Biomineralization, Magnetosomes, nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors

VII

Artificial Intelligence in Plant Sciences

Elementary idea of Big Data Analytics, Blockchain Technology, 3-D Printing, Machine learning, Algorithms of Machine Learning, Expert systems and Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic algorithms, Predictive Analytics, Agents and Robotics, IoT Sensors, Object Image capture & analysis; Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Plant Science

VIII

Introduction to use of Digital technologies – AI, IoT & ICT in Botany Educational software- INFLIBNET, NICNET, BRNET, internet as a knowledge repository- google scholar, science direct. resource management, weather forecasting. IoT Database management, IoT platforms, IoT Graphical user interface • IoT application development for Android Mobile phones, ICT Applications for different crops and horticulture