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Ecology & Environment - पारिस्थितिकी एवं पर्यावरण

Exam Preparation for Ecology & Environment - पारिस्थितिकी एवं पर्यावरण: This model paper is designed for graduation students as ... Show more

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Model Question Paper

Ecology & Environment – पारिस्थितिकी एवं पर्यावरण

Key Features | मुख्य विशेषताएँ

Bilingual Model Paper | द्विभाषी मॉडल पेपर
This model paper is Designed in English and Hindi, making it easier for students from both mediums to understand and practice effectively.
यह मॉडल पेपर अंग्रेज़ी और हिंदी दोनों भाषाओं में डिज़ाइन किया गया, जिससे दोनों माध्यमों के छात्रों को अध्ययन और अभ्यास करने में आसानी हो।
Unit-wise Short Notes | इकाईवार संक्षिप्त नोट्स
Each unit includes a summary in both languages, making revision faster and more effective.
प्रत्येक इकाई में दोनों भाषाओं में सारांश उपलब्ध है, जिससे पुनरावृत्ति तेज़ और प्रभावी हो सके।
Extensive MCQ Practice | विस्तृत MCQ प्रैक्टिस
1500+ MCQ Practice Questions: This comprehensive question bank includes 1500+ multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Each unit contains approximately 150 MCQs covering a wide range of cognitive levels such as remembering, understanding, application, and analysis.
1500+ MCQ अभ्यास प्रश्न: इस प्रश्न बैंक में 1500 से अधिक बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न (MCQ) शामिल हैं। प्रत्येक यूनिट में लगभग 150 MCQ हैं, जो याददाश्त, समझ, अनुप्रयोग और विश्लेषण जैसे विभिन्न संज्ञानात्मक स्तरों को कवर करते हैं।
Exam Practice Paper with Mock Tests | मॉक टेस्ट के साथ परीक्षा अभ्यास पत्र
Includes three full-length mock tests for real exam practice. One mock test is free for students to assess the quality of our question paper.
तीन पूर्ण मॉक टेस्ट दिए गए हैं, जिससे छात्र वास्तविक परीक्षा अभ्यास कर सकें। एक मॉक टेस्ट निःशुल्क प्रदान किया गया है ताकि छात्र हमारे प्रश्न पत्र की गुणवत्ता को परख सकें।
Latest Syllabus as per NEP | NEP के अनुसार नवीनतम पाठ्यक्रम
The syllabus aligns with the latest National Education Policy (NEP) and follows the exam patterns of MSU, CCSU, and other universities following the NEP.
पाठ्यक्रम नवीनतम राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (NEP) के अनुसार है और यह MSU, CCSU तथा अन्य NEP का पालन करने वाले विश्वविद्यालयों की परीक्षा प्रणाली का अनुसरण करता है।
Designed by Experts | विशेषज्ञों द्वारा तैयार किया गया
This question bank has been meticulously prepared by subject matter experts to ensure accuracy and relevance.
यह प्रश्न बैंक विषय विशेषज्ञों द्वारा सावधानीपूर्वक तैयार किया गया है, जिससे इसकी सटीकता और प्रासंगिकता बनी रहे।

Why Choose This Model Paper? | यह मॉडल पेपर क्यों चुनें?

Dual-Language Advantage: Ideal for both English and Hindi medium students.
द्विभाषी लाभ: अंग्रेज़ी और हिंदी दोनों माध्यमों के छात्रों के लिए उपयुक्त।
Complete Exam Preparation: Unit-wise summaries, MCQ practice, and mock tests provide a complete study solution.
पूर्ण परीक्षा तैयारी: इकाईवार सारांश, MCQ अभ्यास, और मॉक टेस्ट संपूर्ण अध्ययन समाधान प्रदान करते हैं।
Latest NEP-Based Pattern: Ensures compliance with the latest university exam structure.
नवीनतम NEP-आधारित पैटर्न: यह नवीनतम विश्वविद्यालय परीक्षा संरचना के अनुरूप है।

Program/Class: Degree/ B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science)		Year: Third		Semester: Sixth
Subject: Botany
Course Title: Ecology & Environment
Course Outcome: 1. acquaint the students with complex interrelationship between organisms and environment; 2. make them understand methods for studying vegetation, community patterns and processes, ecosystem functions, and principles of phytogeography. 3. This knowledge is critical in evolving strategies for sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity conservation.
Credits: 4			Core Compulsory/Elective
Max. Marks: 25+75			Min. Passing Marks: 33
Unit	Topics
I	Natural resources & Sustainable utilization: Land Utilization, Soil degradation and management strategies; Restoration of degraded lands. Water, Wetlands; Threats and management strategies, Ramsar sites, Forests: Major and minor forest products; Depletion, Biological Invasion, Energy: Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy, Contemporary practices in resource management: EIA, GIS, Participatory Resource Appraisal, Ecological Footprint with emphasis on carbon footprint, Resource Accounting
II	Ecology & Ecosystem Definition of Ecology, Ecological Factors, Positive and negative interactions. Ecosystem – Concept of an ecosystem-structure and function of an ecosystem. Abiotic and biotic components and their interrelationshipBiogeochemical and hydrological cycles, and Energy flow in an ecosystem Ecological Succession-Definition & types. Processes and types (autogenic, allogenic, autotrophic, heterotrophic, primary & secondary), Hydrosere and Xerosere. Food chains and food webs, Concept of Ecological perturbations and balance, Ecological pyramids, Primary and Secondary Production and Productivity;Types of ecosystems: Natural and Man-made- Forest Grassland, Aquatic and AgroEcosystems. Ecological Adaptations – Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes, Epiphytes and Parasites.
III	Soil Formation, Properties & Conservation Soil: Origin, Formation, composition, Soil types, Soil Profile, Soil Microorganisms, soil processes, Soil Erosion, Biogeochemical cycles, Soil Conservation: Biological– Contour farming, Mulching, Strip cropping, Terracing and Crop rotation. Mechanical–Basin Listing, Construction of dams, Watershed Management, Soil reclamation
IV	Biodiversity and its conservation: Definition -genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Value of biodiversity: I n d i a n socio-cultural,ethical and aesthetic values; hotspots of Biodiversity threatsto biodiversity, Biotic communities and populations, their characteristics and dynamics. Endemic and endangered species of plants in India. Ecological niche, ecade, ecotypes, ecological indicators. Conservation of Biodiversity: Ex-situ and in-situ conservation, Red data book, botanical gardens, National park, Sanctuaries, hot & hottest spots and Biosphere reserves. Role of Seed Bank and Gene Bank Valuing plant resources, ecotourism, Role of NBPGR, FAO, BSI, Indian value system
V	Phytogeography Biogeographic regions of India & world, Agroecological & Floristic zones of India. Natural vegetation of India, static and dynamic plant geography, basic principles governing geographical distribution of plants, Phytogeographical regions of India, Vegetational types in Uttar Pradesh
VI	Environmental audit & Sustainability Elementary knowledge: Concept of environmental audit; Guidelines of environmental audit; Methodologies adopted along with some industrial case studies; Environmental standards: ISO 14000 series; Scheme of labelling of environment friendly products (Ecomark); Life cycle analysis; Concept of energy and green audit, Strategies and debates on sustainable development; Concept of Sustainable Agriculture; India‘s environment action programme: issues, approaches and initiatives towards Sustainability; Sustainable development in practice.
VII	Pollution, Waste management & Circular Economy Environmental pollution, Environmental protection laws, Bioremediation, Activated Sludge Process (ASP) – Trickling Filters – oxidation ponds, fluidized bed reactors, membrane bioreactor, neutralization, ETP sludge management; digesters, up flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, fixed film reactors, sequencing batch reactors, hybrid reactors, bioscrubbers, biotrickling filters; regulatory framework for pollution monitoring and control; case study: Ganga Action Plan; Yamuna Action Plan; implementation of CNG ;Waste- Types , collection and disposal, Recycling of solid wastes (hazardous & non-hazardous) – classification, collection and segregation , Incineration, Pyrolysis and gasification, Sanitary landfilling; composting, Biogas production ,Circular Economy & sustainability.
VIII	Environmental ethics, Carbon Credits & Role of GIS Carbon credit: concept, exchange of carbon credits. Carbon sequestration, importance, meaning and ways. Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust. Wasteland reclamation. Consumerism and waste products. Clean development mechanism. Geographical Information Systems: definitions and components; spatial and non-spatial data; GIS software packages; GPS survey, data import, processing, and mapping. Applications and case studies of remote sensing and GIS in land use planning, forest resources & agriculture studies