Perspectives of Modern Physics & Basic Electronics - आधुनिक भौतिकी के दृष्टिकोण एवं मूलभूत इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स

Program Class: Diploma / B.Sc.

Year: Second

Semester: Fourth

Subject: Physics

Course Title: Perspectives of Modern Physics & Basic Electronics

Course Learning Outcomes:

· Recognize the difference between the structure of space & time in Newtonian & Relativistic mechanics.

· Understand the physical significance of consequences of Lorentz transformation equations. · Comprehend the wave-particle duality.

· Develop an understanding of the foundational aspects of Quantum Mechanics.

· Study the comparison between various biasing techniques.

· Study the classification of amplifiers.

· Comprehend the use of feedback and oscillators.

· Comprehend the theory and working of optical fibers along with its applications.

Credits: 4

Core Compulsory / Elective

Max. Marks: 25+75

Min. Passing Marks: 33

Unit

Topics

Part A: Perspectives of Modern Physics

I

Relativity-Experimental Background:

Structure of space & time in Newtonian mechanics and inertial & non- inertial frames. Galilean transformations. Newtonian relativity. Galilean transformation and Electromagnetism. Attempts to locate the Absolute Frame: Michelson-Morley experiment and significance of the null result. Einstein’s postulates of special theory of relativity.

II

Relativity-Relativistic Kinematics:

Structure of space & time in Relativistic mechanics and derivation of Lorentz transformation equations (4-vector formulation included). Consequences of Lorentz Transformation Equations (derivations & examples included): Transformation of Simultaneity (Relativity of simultaneity); Transformation of Length (Length contraction); Transformation of Time (Time dilation); Transformation of Velocity (Relativistic velocity addition); Transformation of Acceleration; Transformation of Mass (Variation of mass with velocity). Relation between Energy & Mass (Einstein’s mass & energy relation) and Energy & Momentum.

III

Inadequacies of Classical Mechanics:

Particle Properties of Waves: Spectrum of Black Body radiation, Photoelectric effect, Compton effect and their explanations based on Max Planck’s Quantum hypothesis. Wave Properties of Particles: Louis de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves and their experimental verification by Davisson-Germer’s experiment and Thomson’s experiment.

IV

Introduction to Quantum Mechanics:

Matter Waves: Mathematical representation, Wavelength, Concept of Wave group, Group (particle) velocity, Phase (wave) velocity and relation between Group & Phase velocities. Wave Function: Functional form, Normalization of wave function, Orthogonal & Orthonormal wave functions and Probabilistic interpretation of wave function based on Born Rule.

PART B: Basic Electronics & Introduction to Fiber Optics

V

Transistor Biasing:

Faithful amplification & need for biasing. Stability Factors and its calculation for transistor biasing circuits for CE configuration: Fixed Bias (Base Resistor Method), Emitter Bias (Fixed Bias with Emitter Resistor), Collector to Base Bias (Base Bias with Collector Feedback) &, Voltage Divider Bias. Discussion of Emitter-Follower configuration.

VI

Amplifiers:

Classification of amplifiers based on Mode of operation (Class A, B, AB, C & D), Stages (single & multi stage, cascade & cascode connections), Coupling methods (RC, Transformer, Direct & LC couplings), Nature of amplification (Voltage & Power amplification) and Frequency capabilities (AF, IF, RF & VF). Theory & working of RC coupled voltage amplifier (Uses of various resistors & capacitors, and Frequency response) and Transformer coupled power amplifier (calculation of Power, Effect of temperature, Use of heat sink & Power dissipation). Calculation of Amplifier Efficiency (power efficiency) for Class A Series-Fed, Class A Transformer Coupled, Class B Series-Fed and Class B Transformer Coupled amplifiers.

VII

Feedback & Oscillator Circuits:

Feedback Circuits: Effects of positive and negative feedback. Voltage Series, Voltage Shunt, Current Series and Current Shunt feedback connection types and their uses for specific amplifiers. Estimation of Input Impedance, Output Impedance, Gain, Stability, Distortion, Noise and Band Width for Voltage Series negative feedback. Oscillator Circuits: Use of positive feedback for oscillator operation. Barkhausen criterion for self-sustained oscillations. Feedback factor and frequency of oscillation for RC Phase Shift oscillator and Wein Bridge oscillator. Qualitative discussion of Reactive Network feedback oscillators (Tuned oscillator circuits): Hartley & Colpitts oscillators.

VIII

Introduction to Fiber Optics:

Basics of Fiber Optics, step index fiber, graded index fiber, light propagation through an optical fiber, acceptance angle & numerical aperture, qualitative discussion of fiber losses and applications of optical fibers.